The humanitarian perspective of the war in Ukraine

The war in Ukraine, which began in 2014 and escalated in February 2022 as a result of the full-scale invasion by Russian forces, has led to one of the largest humanitarian crises in Europe since the Second World War. More than two and a half years after the intensification of military actions, the situation of the civilian population in many regions remains dire. The conflict has triggered significant internal and international migrations, profoundly impacted the mental health of millions, caused the destruction of critical infrastructure, and heightened the threat to Ukrainian cultural heritage. This article outlines the main humanitarian aspects of the ongoing war, based on data and analyses available as of November 2024.

The difficult daily life of displaced people and refugees

Since the outbreak of the full-scale invasion in February 2022, millions of people have been forced to leave their homes. According to various estimates, the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) within Ukraine exceeded several million at its peak, although exact figures fluctuated with escalations and temporary ceasefires. A significant portion of them decided to seek refuge abroad, particularly in European Union countries. Testimonies from refugees indicate that, in the initial months of the war, the priority was to ensure the safety of children and the elderly, with efforts to address long-term stabilisation following only thereafter.

In 2023 and 2024, initiatives were introduced to facilitate the return of some families, particularly following the recapture of certain occupied territories by Ukrainian forces. However, many refugees remain fearful of renewed escalations in fighting, while others have adapted to life in host communities in Germany, Poland, Canada, or other countries. At the same time, Ukrainian authorities encouraged citizens to return, aiming to counteract the ongoing depopulation of the country.

The situation in liberated regions is often as challenging as in areas where active hostilities continue. According to a report by the International Crisis Group published in June 2024, widespread destruction of infrastructure—including homes, schools, hospitals, and sewage systems—hampers the normalisation of life in these areas. Furthermore, the high costs of reconstruction, combined with Ukraine's strained financial situation, mean that the rehabilitation of liberated regions may take many more years.

Impact of conflict on mental health

The prolonged stress caused by the war has severe consequences for the mental health of those living in conflict-affected areas as well as those who have fled abroad. Many refugees struggle with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety, which also hinder their integration into new communities. Veterans returning to civilian life will require psychological support for many years, posing a significant challenge to an already overburdened healthcare system.

The destruction of hospitals and medical facilities further limits access to psychiatric services. In March 2023, reports of the bombing of several hospitals in the Kherson region spread worldwide, exemplifying the deliberate targeting of civilian infrastructure. From the outset, the conflict has been marked by numerous violations of international humanitarian law, including the deliberate destruction and looting of healthcare facilities. The effects of these actions are still being felt today, with staff shortages and inadequate financial support exacerbating the crisis.

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